Object-Oriented Programming , commonly known as OOP, is a paradigm that revolutionized software development by organizing code into reusable and modular structures. It emphasizes the creation and manipulation of objects, encapsulating data and behavior within them. Principles of OOP 1. Encapsulation : Encapsulation involves bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data within a single unit, known as a class. This shields the internal implementation details from the outside world, promoting a clear separation of concerns. 2. Inheritance : Inheritance enables a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class. This promotes code reusability and establishes a hierarchical relationship between classes. The derived class (subclass) inherits attributes and methods from the base class (superclass). 3. Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class, providing flexib...